General functions

• len(), will calculate the length of string, array, …

String Methods

• upper(), to all capitalized string
• lower(), to all lower case character string
• title(), to first character will be capitalized
• find(), return the first index of the search character or string
• replace(), replace the search string with the provided new string

in operatoer

• ‘abcde’ in ‘zabcdef’ will return True
• ‘abcde’ in ‘def’ will return False

Math operators

• addition: +, or you can use +=
• subtraction: -, or you can use -=
• multiplication： *, or you can use *=
• double ** means power, or you can use /=
• division: /
• double // mean to get the integer after division, like 10 // 3 = 3
• % means after division and get the remainder, like 10 % 3 = 1

math module

• import math module: import math
• math.ceil()
• math.abs()

Condition statement

• if condtion #1:
• elif condition #2:
• else:

Logic operators

• AND: and, all conditions have to be True
• OR: or, any of conditions is True, then return True
• NOT: not, reverse a boolean

Comparison operators

• after using comparison operators, it will return a boolean value
• >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=

while loop

• syntax: while condition: … else: …
• in while, you can use break to jump out from loop immediately